![]() ![]() While the malaria and PTSD are contracted when he was a soldier in World War II, his depression and physical symptoms such as vomiting and hallucinations are also rooted in the conditions of his earlier life, and his designated place as a "half-breed"- half Indian, half white/Mexican in American society. The Army medics "called it battle fatigue and they said hallucinations were common with malarial fever" (8). Tayo suffers from the effects of malaria and what later came to be termed Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD).His condition is both medical and psychiatric. The Indian approach to illness differs from that of western medicine in that most illnesses are thought to have a spiritual origin and therefore can only be cured by contact with the spiritual world through the intervention of a holy man, a medicine man or shaman. Part of the clash is based on the ramifications of the American colonization of Native Americans. ![]() In Silko's novel, the two differing views of medicine result in a cultural clash that impacts the character of Tayo. ![]() Other cultures, such as the American Indian culture portrayed in Ceremony, tend to believe that all aspects of the self, including the emotions and spirit, need to be considered in treating illness. Traditional Western medicine is based on the belief that illness is organically determined, relying mainly on drugs and antibiotics for cures. To understand the use of medicine to cure illness in Leslie Marmon Silko's 1977 novel Ceremony, medicine must be regarded within a cultural context. ![]()
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